EVOLUTION OF BITCOIN

 

HISTORY OF BITCOIN

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, a digital asset that uses cryptography to control its creation and management, rather than relying on central authorities.[1] Originally designed as a medium of exchange, Bitcoin is now primarily regarded as a store of value. The history of bitcoin started with its invention and implementation by Satoshi Nakamoto, who integrated many existing ideas from the cryptography community. Over the course of bitcoin's history, it has undergone rapid growth to become a significant store of value both on- and offline. From the mid-2010s, some businesses began accepting bitcoin in addition to traditional currencies.

BACKGROUND

Prior to the release of bitcoin, there were a number of digital cash technologies starting with the issuer based ecash protocols of David Chaum and Stefan Brands.[3][4][5] The idea that solutions to computational puzzles could have some value was first proposed by cryptographers Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor in 1992. The idea was independently rediscovered by Adam Back who developed hashcash, a proof-of-work scheme for spam control in 1997.[6] The first proposals for distributed digital scarcity based cryptocurrencies were Wei Dai's b-money[7] and Nick Szabo's bit gold.[8][9] Hal Finney developed reusable proof of work (RPOW) using hashcash as its proof of work algorithm.

In the bit gold proposal which proposed a collectible market-based mechanism for inflation control, Nick Szabo also investigated some additional aspects including a Byzantine fault-tolerant agreement protocol based on quorum addresses to store and transfer the chained proof-of-work solutions, which was vulnerable to Sybil attacks, though.

CREATION

On the 4th of January 2008, the domain name bitcoin.org was registered.[11] Later that year, on 31 October, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System[12] was posted to a cryptography mailing list.[13] This paper detailed methods of using a peer-to-peer network to generate what was described as "a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust".[14][15][16] On 3 January 2009, the bitcoin network came into existence with Satoshi Nakamoto mining the genesis block of bitcoin (block number 0), which had a reward of 50 bitcoins.[14][17] Embedded in the coinbase of this block was the text:

SATOSHI NAKAMOTO

"Satoshi Nakamoto" is presumed to be a pseudonym for the person or people who designed the original bitcoin protocol in 2008 and launched the network in 2009. Nakamoto was responsible for creating the majority of the official bitcoin software and was active in making modifications and posting technical information on the bitcoin forum.[14] There has been much speculation as to the identity of Satoshi Nakamoto with suspects including Dai, Szabo, and Finney – and accompanying denials.[27][28] The possibility that Satoshi Nakamoto was a computer collective in the European financial sector has also been discussed.[

Investigations into the real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto were attempted by The New Yorker and Fast Company. The New Yorker's investigation brought up at least two possible candidates: Michael Clear and Vili Lehdonvirta. Fast Company's investigation brought up circumstantial evidence linking an encryption patent application filed by Neal King, Vladimir Oksman and Charles Bry on 15 August 2008, and the bitcoin.org domain name which was registered 72 hours later. The patent application (#20100042841) contained networking and encryption technologies similar to bitcoin's, and textual analysis revealed that the phrase "... computationally impractical to reverse" appeared in both the patent application and bitcoin's whitepaper.[12] All three inventors explicitly denied being Satoshi Nakamoto.

In May 2013, Ted Nelson speculated that Japanese mathematician Shinichi Mochizuki is Satoshi Nakamoto.[32] Later in 2013 the Israeli researchers Dorit Ron and Adi Shamir pointed to Silk Road-linked Ross William Ulbricht as the possible person behind the cover. The two researchers based their suspicion on an analysis of the network of bitcoin transactions.[33] These allegations were contested[34] and Ron and Shamir later retracted their claim.[35]

Nakamoto's involvement with bitcoin does not appear to extend past mid-2010.[14] In April 2011, Nakamoto communicated with a bitcoin contributor, saying that he had "moved on to other things"]

Stefan Thomas, a Swiss coder and active community member, graphed the time stamps for each of Nakamoto's 500-plus bitcoin forum posts; the resulting chart showed a steep decline to almost no posts between the hours of 5 a.m. and 11 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time. Because this pattern held true even on Saturdays and Sundays, it suggested that Nakamoto was asleep at this time, and the hours of 5 a.m. to 11 a.m. GMT are midnight to 6 a.m. Eastern Standard Time (North American Eastern Standard Time). Other clues suggested that Nakamoto was British: A newspaper headline he had encoded in the genesis block came from the UK-published newspaper The Times, and both his forum posts and his comments in the bitcoin source code used British English spellings, such as "optimise" and "colour".

An Internet search by an anonymous blogger of texts similar in writing to the bitcoin whitepaper suggests Nick Szabo's "bit gold" articles as having a similar author.[27] Nick denied being Satoshi, and stated his official opinion on Satoshi and bitcoin in a May 2011 article.[36]

In a March 2014 article in Newsweek, journalist Leah McGrath Goodman doxed Dorian S. Nakamoto of Temple City, California, saying that Satoshi Nakamoto is the man's birth name. Her methods and conclusion drew widespread criticism.[37][38]

In June 2016, the London Review of Books published a piece by Andrew O'Hagan about Nakamoto.[39]

After a May 2020 YouTube documentary pointed to Adam Back as the creator of bitcoin,[40] widespread discussion ensued. The real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto still remains a matter of dispute.

PRICES AND VALUE HISTORY

Among the factors which may have contributed to this rise were the European sovereign-debt crisis – particularly the 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis – statements by FinCEN improving the currency's legal standing, and rising media and Internet interest.

Until 2013, almost all market with bitcoins were in United States dollars (US$).

As the market valuation of the total stock of bitcoins approached US$1 billion, some commentators called bitcoin prices a bubble. In early April 2013, the price per bitcoin dropped from $266 to around $50 and then rose to around $100. Over two weeks starting late June 2013 the price dropped steadily to $70. The price began to recover, peaking once again on 1 October at $140. On 2 October, The Silk Road was seized by the FBI. This seizure caused a flash crash to $110. The price quickly rebounded, returning to $200 several weeks later.[153] The latest run went from $200 on 3 November to $900 on 18 November.[154] Bitcoin passed US$1,000 on 28 November 2013 at Mt. Gox.

YOGA EXERCISE

 

Which is a yoga exercise?

It's a total mind-body workout that combines strengthening and stretching poses with deep breathing and meditation or relaxation. There are more than 100 different forms of yoga. Some are fast-paced and intense.

By regularly doing yoga, you can build muscle, improve your flexibility, improve your posture, and help you maintain a healthy weight. Poses like Downward-Facing Dog and the Warrior poses work to increase strength in just about every muscle in your body.

Yoga is a systematic practice of physical exercise, breath control, relaxation, diet control, positive thinking, and meditation aimed at developing harmony in the body, mind, and environment. The practice entails low-impact physical activity, postures (called asanas), breathing techniques (pranayama), relaxation, and meditation. Most people are familiar with the physical poses or yoga positions but don't know that yoga involves so much more.

 Types of Yoga

The origins of yoga are shrouded in the mists of time. The ancient wisdom known as "the supreme science of life" is believed to have been revealed to the great sages of India several thousand years ago.

Yoga is an ancient system of physical and mental practices that originated during the Indus Valley civilization in South Asia. The fundamental purpose of yoga is to foster harmony in the body, mind, and environment.

Yoga professes a complete system of physical, mental, social, and spiritual development. For generations, this philosophy was passed on from the master teacher to the student. The first written records of the practice of yoga appeared around 200 BC in the Yogasutra of Patanjali. The system consisted of the eight-fold path of Ashtanga yoga.

In the West, several schools of yoga are popular and use some or all limbs of Asthangayoga described by Patanjali. The eight limbs are as follows:

 

·         Yama: rules for successful living in a society

·         Niyama: techniques for managing and purifying self

·         Asana: posture techniques for physical and mental balance (what most people think of as yoga)

·         Pranayama: breathing techniques for physical and mental balance

·         Pratihara: techniques for detaching the mind from the senses for mental balance and calm

·         Dharana: concentration techniques for mental balance and calm

·         Dhyana: meditation techniques for mental balance and calm

·         Samadhi: ultimate advanced meditation techniques and psychic procedures attained after regular practice for universal consciousness

The process involves the arousal of the Kundalini Shakti or serpent power, believed to be located at the base of the human spine. As one practices the various techniques, this power/latent energy rises through a series of centers or Chakras corresponding to various endocrine glands. When this power reaches the highest center, which is associated with the hypothalamus gland regulating the hormonal secretion of the endocrine system, control over the hypothalamus results. In this way, the secretion of hormones from various endocrine glands can be regulated. This mechanism may explain the importance of yoga as a stress management technique.

 

What are the health benefits of yoga?

In the health fields, yoga techniques are being applied in health promotion programs, substance abuse treatment programs, and as a complementary treatment for diseases such as anxiety disorders, depression, coronary heart disease, cancers, and HIV/AIDS. Yoga is a low-cost self-help approach to well-being.

The origin is the Sanskrit word Yog meaning union. Yoga is a union of the organ systems in the body with the consciousness in the mind. Philosophically, yoga produces a union of body, mind, and energy (or soul or spirit) to bring about a state of equanimity (calmness). Progressing to an even more advanced state, blending science and philosophy, one experiences a union of body, mind, internal energy, and the all-pervading cosmic energy, resulting in better physical health, mental control, and, ultimately, self-realization.

 

NIGERIAN MUSIC

 

MUSIC IN WHOLE

Music is important to fashion and to our Creative Director, Gozi. Music is an integral part of Nigerian life. Visit Lagos and music permeates the city. It seeps out of every cranny of this boisterous city. In this post, we take you on a journey of Nigerian music, giving you a taste of its creativity and range with video clips of amazing live performances from pioneering Jazz, Highlife, Jùjú, Afrobeat, Reggae, and Afrobeats artists. These styles are enjoyed by Nigerian audiences and now globally.

 

HISTORY OF MUSIC IN NIGERIA

Earlier in history, traditional Nigerian music arose from a functional purpose, often performed to mark rituals like weddings or funerals. Agriculture was functional too. Consequently, workers in fields and canoes used work songs to motivate themselves. When Northern farmers worked on each other’s farms, the host was expected to supply musicians. The musician sang praises of his client and the rest of the co-operating farmers motivating them.

 

YORUBA

Yorubas traditionally used music for socio-cultural expression. Musicians played at all sorts of social and formal events. Popular instruments used by the Yorubas are hourglass tension drums (dundun), and kettledrums (gudugudu).

 

IGBO

In south-eastern Nigeria, the Igbos used music for celebrations, sports, leisure, and importantly by historians, to recount stories to others. The Igbo people play various folk instruments such as Zithers (obo), lutes, flutes, xylophones, lyres, slit drums, and udus. These instruments played an important role in the development of Nigerian Highlife.

 

HAUSA

The most notable instrument of the Hausa people is the Kakaki, a 2-metre long trumpet. It is a symbol of military power, important to those who value conquest. Originally used by the Songhai military, it was adopted by the rising Hausa state who dominated the western Sahel.

Over the course of the 20th century, Nigerians travelled abroad and returned home with multiple influences. Subsequently, they created Nigerian iterations of western genres, or new genres altogether. Music increasingly fused with politics and religion. People enjoyed and created music for artistic actualization or simply recreation.

 

 

The Past: Genres of Nigerian Music Jùjú

By the 1920s, Yoruba music incorporated brass instruments, Islamic percussion and Brazilian techniques. Baba Tunde King pioneered the Jùjú style in the 1930s. In Yoruba, jùjú refers to something being thrown. Significantly, a member of Tunde King’s band would usually throw his tambourine in the air as part of the performance. Post World War II, Tunde Nightingale incorporated westernized pop influences into Jùjú through his S’o wa mbe style. His style became popular among socialites as it included room for praising guests at social parties. S’o wa mbe (Is it there?) is also possibly a double entendre to the beads his dancers wore on their hips.

As technology advanced in the 1950s, Jùjú music incorporated the electric guitar, accordion, and gangan talking drum. King Sunny Ade is recognized as the pioneer of electro music in Nigeria. His band played with a phalanx of electric guitars, synthesizers, and vibraphones, which created his unique sound. He became the first Nigerian to receive a Grammy Award nomination in 1983 for his album Syncro System. Today, artists like Keziah Jones make music influenced by this era of Yoruba music, which includes Sakara, Fuji and Apala..

 

HIGHLIFE IN NIGERIA

Nigerians fell in love with Highlife when Ghanaian performers dominated the social scene and nightclubs. Ghanaians highlife often recounted daily social struggles. In contrast, Nigerian highlife, with its mundane themes, was feel-good music. Recorded and played live, the best spots to consume highlife were in clubs that had a mix of Ghanaian and Nigerian performers. Bobby Benson & The Cassandra Theatrical Party were the first popular Nigerian highlife band. But the most popular highlife song ever is ‘Sweet Mother’ by Prince Nico Mbarga. Every Nigerian knows this song.

 

If you love highlife, explore performers such as Victor Olaiya, Stephen Osita Osadebe, Oliver De Coque,  Sonny Okosun, Victor Uwaifo, and Orlando “Dr. Ganja” Owoh, who kept highlife alive post civil-war.

 

JAZZ IN NIGERIA Jazz started getting a strong foothold in Lagos in 1963, through the Fela Ransome-Kuti Quintet. The band played regularly on Monday nights at the Cool Cats Inn, which was a popular location for Jazz enthusiasts.The popularity of the Quintet inspired many musicians including the all-star group, The Jazz Preachers, led by Art Alade. The Jazz Preachers played mainstream music compared to the Fela Ransome-Kuti Quintet but they were just as entertaining. Fela’s band changed its name to Koola Lobitos.

In the 1970s, Jazz 38 was a hotspot and became the most important jazz hub in the country. The Extended Family Jazz Band of Frances and Tunde Kuboye were the resident musicians. Artists such as Ginger Baker and James Brown visited Lagos to jam with Nigerian musicians. or to tour. Till today, the debate still rages on about who stole from who between Fela and Brown.

 

 

GOLF AND ITS HISTORY

 GOLF AND ITS ORIGIN

Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible.

Golf, unlike most ball games, cannot and does not utilize a standardized playing area, and coping with the varied terrains encountered on different courses is a key part of the game. The game at the usual level is played on a course with an arranged progression of 18 holes, though recreational courses can be smaller, often having nine holes. Each hole on the course must contain a teeing ground to start from, and a putting green containing the actual hole or cup 4+1⁄4 inches (11 cm) in diameter. There are other standard forms of terrain in between, such as the fairway, rough (long grass), bunkers (or "sand traps"), and various hazards (water, rocks) but each hole on a course is unique in its specific layout and arrangement.

Golf is played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual, known as stroke play, or the lowest score on the most individual holes in a complete round by an individual or team, known as match play. Stroke play is the most commonly seen format at all levels, but most especially at the elite level.

 THE ORIGIN/HISTORY OF GOLF

While the modern game of golf originated in 15th-century Scotland, the game's ancient origins are unclear and much debated.Some historians trace the sport back to the Roman game of paganica, in which participants used a bent stick to hit a stuffed leather ball. One theory asserts that paganica spread throughout Europe as the Romans conquered most of the continent, during the first century BC, and eventually evolved into the modern game.

 Others cite chuiwan (捶丸; "chui" means striking and "wan" means small ball) as the progenitor, a Chinese game played between the eighth and fourteenth centuries. A Ming Dynasty scroll by the artist Youqiu dating back to 1368 entitled "The Autumn Banquet" shows a member of the Chinese Imperial court swinging what appears to be a golf club at a small ball with the aim of sinking it into a hole. The game is thought to have been introduced into Europe during the Middle Ages.

The MacDonald boys playing golf, attributed to William Mosman. 18th century, National Galleries of Scotland.

Another early game that resembled modern golf was known as cambuca in England and chambot in France. The Persian game chowkan is another possible ancient origin, albeit being more polo-like. In addition, kolven (a game involving a ball and curved bats) was played annually in Loenen, Netherlands, beginning in 1297, to commemorate the capture of the assassin of Floris V, a year earlier.

 The modern game originated in Scotland, where the first written record of golf is James II's banning of the game in 1457, as an unwelcome distraction to learning archery. James IV lifted the ban in 1502 when he became a golfer himself, with golf clubs first recorded in 1503–1504: "For golf clubbes and balles to the King that he playit with". To many golfers, the Old Course at St Andrews, a links course dating to before 1574, is considered to be a site of pilgrimage. In 1764, the standard 18-hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes. Golf is documented as being played on Musselburgh Links, East Lothian, Scotland as early as 2 March 1672, which is certified as the oldest golf course in the world by Guinness World Records.

The oldest surviving rules of golf were compiled in March 1744 for the Company of Gentlemen Golfers, later renamed The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, which was played at Leith, Scotland. The world's oldest golf tournament in existence, and golf's first major, is The Open Championship, which was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club, in Ayrshire, Scotland, with Scottish golfers winning the earliest majors. Two Scotsmen from Dunfermline, John Reid and Robert Lockhart, first demonstrated golf in the U.S. by setting up a hole in an orchard in 1888, with Reid setting up America's first golf club the same year, Saint Andrew's Golf Club in Yonkers, New York.

#baronzyhub

#golf

SOCIAL WORKER

 

What is Social Work ?

Social work is a practice-based profession that promotes social change, development, cohesion and the empowerment of people and communities. Social work practice involves the understanding of human development, behavior and the social, economic and cultural institutions and interactions. Social work professionals working with families and institutions have helped to provide and advance the following social impacts:

In the United States, social work has been around for over 100 years, with notable pioneers such as Jane Addams, Frances Perkins, Whitney M. Young, Jr., Harry Hopkins, Dorothy Height and Jeannette Rankin.

 

Who is a Social Worker ?

Social workers are professionals who aim to enhance overall well-being and help meet basic and complex needs of communities and people. Social workers work with many different populations and types of people, particularly focusing on those who are vulnerable, oppressed and living in poverty.

Depending on their specialty, job title and place of employment, a social worker may be required to participate in legislative processes that often result in the formation of social policies. They lean on social work values and principles, as well as academic research to carry out their work.

Social workers are educated and trained to address social injustices and barriers to their client’s overall wellbeing. Some of these include poverty, unemployment, discrimination and lack of housing. They also support clients and communities who are living with disabilities, substance abuse problems or experience domestic conflicts.

 

3 Levels of Social Work

Generally, there are three levels of social work practice: micro, mezzo and macro social work. At each level, social work professionals provide slightly different services to target populations.

 

Micro Social Work:  At the micro level, social workers provide one-on-one, family and small-group services to individuals addressing a wide range of social issues. These may include housing support, substance abuse counseling and mental health therapy.

 

Mezzo Social Work:  Social workers who operate at the mezzo level work with groups of people, such as in a school, prison, hospital or neighborhoods. They may help students struggling academically, address substance abuse recovery with prison inmates or help coordinate care for patients who are admitted to hospitals for long-term care.

Macro Social Work:  Macro-level social work encompasses policy making, research and community based initiatives. Social workers at this level of practice are more likely to focus on and help address larger societal issues like homelessness, substance abuse, housing and more.

 

Duties/Roles of a Social Worker ?

 

thanks for reading my blog, i hope to get your comment on the above subject matter.

feel free to drop a comment.

RITZCHINOX FASHION STORE

      RITZCHINOX FASHION STORE

  

• Address: Shop E6, Awoyaya Shopping Complex Lekki/Epe Expressway Lagos
• Tel: +2347062362315, +2348071019251
• Website: www.ritzfashionstore.com
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RITZCHINOX FASHION STORE is your one-stop shop for your quality shoes, shirts and bags, they are located in the axis of Lagos state, Nigeria, they deal on  nothing but the best at an affordable price. Deliveries are Worldwide, Fast, Efficient and Reliable. The  Working hours are between 8am - 6pm every Mondays - Saturdays, 

World's Top 5 Richest Men 2022

 WORLD'S

TOP 5 RICHEST MEN

2022

There are an estimated 2,755 billionaires in the world according to Forbes Magazine.

known for their outstanding wealth, billionaires like Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos have bank balances man of us could only dream of. 

Elon Musk, Who famously bought Twitter for $44 billion, announced on 13 May that he was putting the deal on hold due to concerns about the number of fake profiles on the social media platform.

Who are the top 5 richest people in the world, What is their net worth and how did they make their fortune ?

1: Elon Musk - $219 billion

Elon Musk is the richest person in the world with an estimate fortune of $219 billion according to Forbes Magazine. 

He was born in South Africa, He grew up in Pretoria before moving to America to study at the University of Pennsylvania.

He is currently working to revolutionize transportation both on Earth, through electric car maker Tesla and in space, via rocket producer SpaceX.

 

2: Jeff Bezos - $171 billion

Jeff Bezos is the second richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $171 billion according to Forbes Magazine.

Bezos is originally from Albuquerque, New Mexico and famously started the company from a garage in his home.

HE founded e-commerce giant Amazon in the year 1994 out of his garage in Seattle. He stepped down as CEO to become executive chairman in July 2021.

3: Bernard Arnault & family - $158 billion

The Bernard Arnault Family is the third richest family in the world, with an estimated net worth of $158 billion according to Forbes Magazine.

The 73-year old French billionaire oversees 70 of the world's most famous fashion and beauty brands including Louis Voulton, Tiffany & Co and Sephora. Arnault came from a wealthy family, with his family owning a successful construction business.

4: Bill Gates - $129 billion 

Bill Gates is the fourth richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of $129 according to Forbes Magazine. Bill Gates made his fortune through the software company Microsoft, which he co-founded with Paul Allen in the year 1975. As of Marc 2020, when Gates stepped down from the Microsoft board, he owned about 1% of the software and computing company's shares.

5: Warren Buffet - $118 billion

WarrenBuffett is the fifth richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $118 billion according to Forbes Magazine.

Buffet was the son of a US congressman and bought and sold his first stock at the age of 11, earning himself the nickname the, 'Oracle of Omaha'.

 He runs Berkshire Hathaway which owns companies including Dairy Queen.

In 2006 he pledged to give away 99% of his fortune and so far he has given away $45 million.