NIGERIAN MUSIC

 

MUSIC IN WHOLE

Music is important to fashion and to our Creative Director, Gozi. Music is an integral part of Nigerian life. Visit Lagos and music permeates the city. It seeps out of every cranny of this boisterous city. In this post, we take you on a journey of Nigerian music, giving you a taste of its creativity and range with video clips of amazing live performances from pioneering Jazz, Highlife, Jùjú, Afrobeat, Reggae, and Afrobeats artists. These styles are enjoyed by Nigerian audiences and now globally.

 

HISTORY OF MUSIC IN NIGERIA

Earlier in history, traditional Nigerian music arose from a functional purpose, often performed to mark rituals like weddings or funerals. Agriculture was functional too. Consequently, workers in fields and canoes used work songs to motivate themselves. When Northern farmers worked on each other’s farms, the host was expected to supply musicians. The musician sang praises of his client and the rest of the co-operating farmers motivating them.

 

YORUBA

Yorubas traditionally used music for socio-cultural expression. Musicians played at all sorts of social and formal events. Popular instruments used by the Yorubas are hourglass tension drums (dundun), and kettledrums (gudugudu).

 

IGBO

In south-eastern Nigeria, the Igbos used music for celebrations, sports, leisure, and importantly by historians, to recount stories to others. The Igbo people play various folk instruments such as Zithers (obo), lutes, flutes, xylophones, lyres, slit drums, and udus. These instruments played an important role in the development of Nigerian Highlife.

 

HAUSA

The most notable instrument of the Hausa people is the Kakaki, a 2-metre long trumpet. It is a symbol of military power, important to those who value conquest. Originally used by the Songhai military, it was adopted by the rising Hausa state who dominated the western Sahel.

Over the course of the 20th century, Nigerians travelled abroad and returned home with multiple influences. Subsequently, they created Nigerian iterations of western genres, or new genres altogether. Music increasingly fused with politics and religion. People enjoyed and created music for artistic actualization or simply recreation.

 

 

The Past: Genres of Nigerian Music Jùjú

By the 1920s, Yoruba music incorporated brass instruments, Islamic percussion and Brazilian techniques. Baba Tunde King pioneered the Jùjú style in the 1930s. In Yoruba, jùjú refers to something being thrown. Significantly, a member of Tunde King’s band would usually throw his tambourine in the air as part of the performance. Post World War II, Tunde Nightingale incorporated westernized pop influences into Jùjú through his S’o wa mbe style. His style became popular among socialites as it included room for praising guests at social parties. S’o wa mbe (Is it there?) is also possibly a double entendre to the beads his dancers wore on their hips.

As technology advanced in the 1950s, Jùjú music incorporated the electric guitar, accordion, and gangan talking drum. King Sunny Ade is recognized as the pioneer of electro music in Nigeria. His band played with a phalanx of electric guitars, synthesizers, and vibraphones, which created his unique sound. He became the first Nigerian to receive a Grammy Award nomination in 1983 for his album Syncro System. Today, artists like Keziah Jones make music influenced by this era of Yoruba music, which includes Sakara, Fuji and Apala..

 

HIGHLIFE IN NIGERIA

Nigerians fell in love with Highlife when Ghanaian performers dominated the social scene and nightclubs. Ghanaians highlife often recounted daily social struggles. In contrast, Nigerian highlife, with its mundane themes, was feel-good music. Recorded and played live, the best spots to consume highlife were in clubs that had a mix of Ghanaian and Nigerian performers. Bobby Benson & The Cassandra Theatrical Party were the first popular Nigerian highlife band. But the most popular highlife song ever is ‘Sweet Mother’ by Prince Nico Mbarga. Every Nigerian knows this song.

 

If you love highlife, explore performers such as Victor Olaiya, Stephen Osita Osadebe, Oliver De Coque,  Sonny Okosun, Victor Uwaifo, and Orlando “Dr. Ganja” Owoh, who kept highlife alive post civil-war.

 

JAZZ IN NIGERIA Jazz started getting a strong foothold in Lagos in 1963, through the Fela Ransome-Kuti Quintet. The band played regularly on Monday nights at the Cool Cats Inn, which was a popular location for Jazz enthusiasts.The popularity of the Quintet inspired many musicians including the all-star group, The Jazz Preachers, led by Art Alade. The Jazz Preachers played mainstream music compared to the Fela Ransome-Kuti Quintet but they were just as entertaining. Fela’s band changed its name to Koola Lobitos.

In the 1970s, Jazz 38 was a hotspot and became the most important jazz hub in the country. The Extended Family Jazz Band of Frances and Tunde Kuboye were the resident musicians. Artists such as Ginger Baker and James Brown visited Lagos to jam with Nigerian musicians. or to tour. Till today, the debate still rages on about who stole from who between Fela and Brown.

 

 

GOLF AND ITS HISTORY

 GOLF AND ITS ORIGIN

Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible.

Golf, unlike most ball games, cannot and does not utilize a standardized playing area, and coping with the varied terrains encountered on different courses is a key part of the game. The game at the usual level is played on a course with an arranged progression of 18 holes, though recreational courses can be smaller, often having nine holes. Each hole on the course must contain a teeing ground to start from, and a putting green containing the actual hole or cup 4+1⁄4 inches (11 cm) in diameter. There are other standard forms of terrain in between, such as the fairway, rough (long grass), bunkers (or "sand traps"), and various hazards (water, rocks) but each hole on a course is unique in its specific layout and arrangement.

Golf is played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual, known as stroke play, or the lowest score on the most individual holes in a complete round by an individual or team, known as match play. Stroke play is the most commonly seen format at all levels, but most especially at the elite level.

 THE ORIGIN/HISTORY OF GOLF

While the modern game of golf originated in 15th-century Scotland, the game's ancient origins are unclear and much debated.Some historians trace the sport back to the Roman game of paganica, in which participants used a bent stick to hit a stuffed leather ball. One theory asserts that paganica spread throughout Europe as the Romans conquered most of the continent, during the first century BC, and eventually evolved into the modern game.

 Others cite chuiwan (捶丸; "chui" means striking and "wan" means small ball) as the progenitor, a Chinese game played between the eighth and fourteenth centuries. A Ming Dynasty scroll by the artist Youqiu dating back to 1368 entitled "The Autumn Banquet" shows a member of the Chinese Imperial court swinging what appears to be a golf club at a small ball with the aim of sinking it into a hole. The game is thought to have been introduced into Europe during the Middle Ages.

The MacDonald boys playing golf, attributed to William Mosman. 18th century, National Galleries of Scotland.

Another early game that resembled modern golf was known as cambuca in England and chambot in France. The Persian game chowkan is another possible ancient origin, albeit being more polo-like. In addition, kolven (a game involving a ball and curved bats) was played annually in Loenen, Netherlands, beginning in 1297, to commemorate the capture of the assassin of Floris V, a year earlier.

 The modern game originated in Scotland, where the first written record of golf is James II's banning of the game in 1457, as an unwelcome distraction to learning archery. James IV lifted the ban in 1502 when he became a golfer himself, with golf clubs first recorded in 1503–1504: "For golf clubbes and balles to the King that he playit with". To many golfers, the Old Course at St Andrews, a links course dating to before 1574, is considered to be a site of pilgrimage. In 1764, the standard 18-hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes. Golf is documented as being played on Musselburgh Links, East Lothian, Scotland as early as 2 March 1672, which is certified as the oldest golf course in the world by Guinness World Records.

The oldest surviving rules of golf were compiled in March 1744 for the Company of Gentlemen Golfers, later renamed The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, which was played at Leith, Scotland. The world's oldest golf tournament in existence, and golf's first major, is The Open Championship, which was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club, in Ayrshire, Scotland, with Scottish golfers winning the earliest majors. Two Scotsmen from Dunfermline, John Reid and Robert Lockhart, first demonstrated golf in the U.S. by setting up a hole in an orchard in 1888, with Reid setting up America's first golf club the same year, Saint Andrew's Golf Club in Yonkers, New York.

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SOCIAL WORKER

 

What is Social Work ?

Social work is a practice-based profession that promotes social change, development, cohesion and the empowerment of people and communities. Social work practice involves the understanding of human development, behavior and the social, economic and cultural institutions and interactions. Social work professionals working with families and institutions have helped to provide and advance the following social impacts:

In the United States, social work has been around for over 100 years, with notable pioneers such as Jane Addams, Frances Perkins, Whitney M. Young, Jr., Harry Hopkins, Dorothy Height and Jeannette Rankin.

 

Who is a Social Worker ?

Social workers are professionals who aim to enhance overall well-being and help meet basic and complex needs of communities and people. Social workers work with many different populations and types of people, particularly focusing on those who are vulnerable, oppressed and living in poverty.

Depending on their specialty, job title and place of employment, a social worker may be required to participate in legislative processes that often result in the formation of social policies. They lean on social work values and principles, as well as academic research to carry out their work.

Social workers are educated and trained to address social injustices and barriers to their client’s overall wellbeing. Some of these include poverty, unemployment, discrimination and lack of housing. They also support clients and communities who are living with disabilities, substance abuse problems or experience domestic conflicts.

 

3 Levels of Social Work

Generally, there are three levels of social work practice: micro, mezzo and macro social work. At each level, social work professionals provide slightly different services to target populations.

 

Micro Social Work:  At the micro level, social workers provide one-on-one, family and small-group services to individuals addressing a wide range of social issues. These may include housing support, substance abuse counseling and mental health therapy.

 

Mezzo Social Work:  Social workers who operate at the mezzo level work with groups of people, such as in a school, prison, hospital or neighborhoods. They may help students struggling academically, address substance abuse recovery with prison inmates or help coordinate care for patients who are admitted to hospitals for long-term care.

Macro Social Work:  Macro-level social work encompasses policy making, research and community based initiatives. Social workers at this level of practice are more likely to focus on and help address larger societal issues like homelessness, substance abuse, housing and more.

 

Duties/Roles of a Social Worker ?

 

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